A Youth Leader's Guide to Building Cultural Competence 

Endnotes 

1.  Evaluation of the Red Cross's culturally specific African American HIV/AIDS education program 

revealed interesting results: the course did not have a greater impact on African Americans than it did 

on white and Latinos, as measured by the post test knowledge and behavioral intent scores. Setting 

where the program was delivered proved to be key; youth who received the course in school had 

higher post test scores for both knowledge and behavioral intent than those who received the course 

out of school. See Marietta Damond and Ann E. Pharr, The American Red Cross African American 

AIDS Program: An Evaluation of a Culturally Specific Curriculum. (Washington, DC: The American 

Red Cross, June 1992). 

2. Linda Camino, Racial, Ethnic and Cultural Differences in Youth Development Programs 

(Washington, DC: Carnegie Council on Adolescent Development, 1992), p. 36.  

3.  Pennsylvania CASSP Advisory Committee, Subcommittee on Cultural Competence, The 

Pennsylvania Model of Towards A Culturally Competent System of Care [sic]. (Harrisburg, PA: 

Pennsylvania Department of Public Welfare, Office of Mental Health, Bureau of Children's Services) 

p.9.  

4.  Adapted from Donald R. Atkinson, George Morten and Derald Wing, Counseling American 

Minorities: A Cross Cultural Perspective (Madison, WI: Brown & Benchmark, 1993).  

5.  Inca Mohamed,  Steps to Cultural Competence  Handout, August 1991.  

6.  Nancy Abbey, Claire Brindis and Manuel Cases, Family Life Education in Multicultural Classrooms 

(Santa Cruz, CA: ETR Associates, 1990) p. 8.  

7.  Don C. Locke, Increasing Multicultural Understanding: A Comprehensive Model (Newbury Park, 

CA: Sage Publications, 1992) p. 10.  

8.  Ibid., p. 6.  

9.  Camino, pp. 26 27.  

10. Ibid.  

11. Ibid.  

12. Adapted from Lana Ka'opua, Training for Cultural Competence in the HIV Epidemic (AIDS 

Education Project, Hawai'i Area AIDS Education and Training Center, 1992).  

13. Adapted from David A. Shiman, The Prejudice Book: Activities for the Classroom. (New York: Anti 

Defamation League of B'nai B'rith, 1979). 

14. Locke, p. 159.  

15. Locke, p. xii.