104
Chapter 6. The X Window System
xmodmap
utility to configure the keyboard. The
Xresources
files are read to assign specific prefer 
ence values to particular applications.
After setting these options, the
xinitrc
script executes all scripts located in the
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/
directory. One important script in this directory is
xinput
, which
configures settings such as the default language to use and the desktop environment to start from
(
/etc/sysconfig/desktop
).
Next, the
xinitrc
script tries to execute
.Xclients
in the user's home directory and turns to
/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients
if it cannot be found. The purpose of the
Xclients
file is to start the
desktop environment or, possibly, just a basic window manager. The
.Xclients
script in the
user's home directory starts the user specified desktop environment or window manager in the
.Xclients default
file. If
.Xclients
does not exist in the user's home directory, the standard
/etc/X11/init/Xclients
script attempts to start another desktop environment, trying GNOME
first and then KDE. If a desktop environment cannot be found by this point,
Xclients
attempts the
default window manager listed in the
.wm_style
file in the user's home directory. If this fails, it
cycles through a predefined list of window managers.
The preferred X client applications should now have started by this point, along with the XFree86
server. If you need more details concerning starting X in runlevel 3, refer to the
startx
and
xinit
man pages and read through the scripts named above.
6.4.2. Runlevel 5:
prefdm
Runlevel 5 uses a slightly different method to start X. When the system starts, no one is logged into
the system by default. In order for a user to start a session, they must log in to the system. In runlevel
5, users authenticating themselves at the console use a display manager, a special X client that allows
the user to submit their login name and password.
Depending on the desktop environments installed on your specific Red Hat Linux system, three dif 
ferent display managers are available to handle the user authentication. The
xdm
display manager is
the original X authentication tool.
xdm
only allows you to log in and start an X session, nothing more.
The
gdm
display manager, designed to work with the GNOME desktop environment, and
kdm
display
manager, used with the KDE desktop environment, allow you to set the desktop environment, or ses 
sion, you would like to use after authentication. Additionally, you can restart or halt the system from
the login screen. The
gdm
display manager also allows you to configure the language you would like
to use.
When the system enters runlevel 5, a line in the
/etc/inittab
file specifies that the
prefdm
script is
executed in order to determine the preferred display manager to bring up for user authentication. The
prefdm
script uses the preferences stated in the
/etc/sysconfig/desktop
file to find the proper
display manager. If no desktop environment is specified,
prefdm
cycles through the
gdm
,
kdm
, and
xdm
display managers to find one to use. Once one is found,
prefdm
launches it to handle the user
login.
Each of the display managers look to the
/etc/X11/xdm/Xsetup_0
file to set up the login screen.
Once the user logs into the system, the
/etc/X11/xdm/GiveConsole
script runs to assign own 
ership of the console to the user. Then, the
/etc/X11/xdm/Xsession
script runs to accomplish
many of the tasks normally done by the
xinitrc
script when starting X in runlevel 3, including set 
ting system and user resources, as well as running the scripts in the
/etc/X11/xinit/xinitrc.d/
directory.
The user can specify which desktop environment they want to utilize when they authenticate using the
gdm
or
kdm
display managers by selecting it from the Session menu. If the desktop environment is not
specified in the display manager, the
/etc/X11/xdm/Xsession
script will check the
.xsession
and
.Xclients
files in the user's home directory to decide which desktop environment to load. As a
last resort, the
/etc/X11/xinit/Xclients
file is used to select a desktop environment or window
manager to use in the same way as runlevel 3.






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