62
Chapter 3. Boot Process, Init, and Shutdown
them to quickly move in and out of their custom configuration without disturbing the normal set of
features at the standard runlevels.
If your machine gets into a state where it will not boot due to a bad
/etc/inittab
or will not let you
log in because you have a corrupted
/etc/passwd
or if you have simply forgotten your password,
you can boot into single user mode.
If you are using LILO, you can enter single user mode by typing linux single at the LILO
boot:
prompt.
If you are using GRUB as your boot loader, you can enter single user mode using the following steps.
In the graphical GRUB boot loader screen, select the Red Hat Linux boot label and press [e] to
edit it.
Arrow down to the kernel line and press [e] to edit it.
At the prompt, type single and press [Enter].
You will be returned to the GRUB screen with the kernel information. Press the [b] key to boot the
system into single user mode.
A very bare system will boot, and you will have a command shell from which you can fix things.
If this does not work, you will need to boot by typing linux init=/bin/bash at the LILO
boot:
prompt. This places you at a shell prompt; note that no file systems other than the root file
system are mounted, and the root file system is mounted in read only mode. To mount it in read write
mode (to allow editing of a broken
/etc/inittab
, for example) do:
mount  n /proc
mount  o rw,remount /
3.6.1. Initscript Utilities
The
/sbin/chkconfig
utility
is a simple command line
tool for maintaining
the
/etc/rc.d/init.d
directory hierarchy. It relieves system administrators from having to directly
manipulate the numerous symbolic links in the directories under
/etc/rc.d
.
In addition, there is /sbin/ntsysv that provides a text based interface, which you may find easier to
use than
chkconfig
's command line interface.
If you prefer a graphical interface, use the Services Configuration Tool program, which can be in 
voked using the
redhat config services
command.
All of these utilities must be run as root.
Please refer to the chapter titled Controlling Access to Services in Official Red Hat Linux Customiza 
tion Guide for more information regarding these tools.
Next, we will discuss information in the files within the
/etc/sysconfig/
directory which define
the parameters used by some services when they start up.
3.7. The
/etc/sysconfig/
Directory
The following information outlines some of the files found in the
/etc/sysconfig/
directory, their
function, and their contents. This information is not intended to be complete, as many of these files
have a variety of options that are only used in very specific or rare circumstances.
The
/usr/share/doc/initscripts  version number /sysconfig.txt
file contains a
more authoritative listing of the files found in the
/etc/sysconfig
directory and the configuration
options available.






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