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C H A P T E R
Introduction
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If I have seen further it is by standing upon the shoulders of Giants.
Sir Isaac Newton
J
AVA is a general purpose, concurrent, class based, object oriented language. It
is designed to be simple enough that many programmers can achieve fluency in
the language. Java is related to C and C++ but is organized rather differently, with
a number of aspects of C and C++ omitted and a few ideas from other languages
included. Java is intended to be a production language, not a research language,
and so, as C. A. R. Hoare suggested in his classic paper on language design, the
design of Java has avoided including new and untested features.
Java is strongly typed. This specification clearly distinguishes between the
compile time errors
 that can and must be detected at compile time, and those that
occur at run time. Compile time normally consists of translating Java programs
into a machine independent byte code representation. Run time activities include
loading and linking of the classes needed to execute a program, optional machine
code generation and dynamic optimization of the program, and actual program
execution.
Java is a relatively high level language, in that details of the machine repre 
sentation are not available through the language. It includes automatic storage
management, typically using a garbage collector, to avoid the safety problems of
explicit deallocation (as in C's
free
 or C++'s
delete
). High performance gar 
bage collected implementations of Java can have bounded pauses to support sys 
tems programming and real time applications. Java does not include any unsafe
constructs, such as array accesses without index checking, since such unsafe con 
structs would cause a program to behave in an unspecified way.
Java is normally compiled to a bytecoded instruction set and binary format
defined in
The Java Virtual Machine Specification
(Addison Wesley, 1996). Most
implementations of Java for general purpose programming will support the addi 
tional packages defined in the series of books under the general title
The Java
Application Programming Interface
 (Addison Wesley).
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